What is Data Encryption?
Data encryption is the process of converting readable data (plaintext) into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using an algorithm and encryption key. Only parties with the correct decryption key can convert the data back to its original form.
Encryption States
At Rest Data stored on devices:
- Database encryption
- File system encryption
- Full disk encryption
In Transit Data moving between systems:
- TLS/SSL
- VPN
- Secure protocols
In Use Data being processed:
- Confidential computing
- Homomorphic encryption
- Secure enclaves
Encryption Types
Symmetric Encryption
Plaintext → [Key] → Ciphertext → [Same Key] → Plaintext
- AES-256
- ChaCha20
- Fast, efficient
Asymmetric Encryption
Plaintext → [Public Key] → Ciphertext → [Private Key] → Plaintext
- RSA
- Elliptic Curve
- Key exchange
Common Standards
| Algorithm | Key Size | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| AES-256 | 256-bit | Data at rest |
| RSA-2048 | 2048-bit | Key exchange |
| ChaCha20 | 256-bit | TLS, mobile |
| AES-GCM | 256-bit | Authenticated |
Best Practices
- Use strong algorithms (AES-256)
- Secure key management
- Encrypt sensitive data
- Use authenticated encryption
- Regular key rotation